Offerins invitation
->Would you like to come to the restaurant this evening?
->Will you join us?
->Would you care to have dinner with us tonight?
->Could you come to a party at my place tomorrow?
->I wander whether you would care to come on a picnic with us next week?
Accepting invitation
->Yes,I'd love very much.
->Thank you.
->Yes,with pleasure.
Reffusing
->If you don't mind,i'd rather not.
->Thank you,i'm busy,may be next time.
->I have got another appointment.
->I'm sorry.
->I've lost to work to do.
Selasa, 23 Februari 2010
DESCRIPTIVE TEXT
Descriptive text is available for a screen reader device to audibly describe a graph or map so a visually impaired user can understand the graphical information . Or to describe the characteristic of particular Person, thing , or place .
* Text structure:
- Identification: Identifies thing, person, place, phenomenon to be described.
- Description: Gives the information of particular thing, person, or
Place being discussed or describes parts, qualities, or
Characteristic.
* Language figures:
a. Topic is usually about the attributes of a think.
b. The use of think person pronoun forms is used.
c. The use of focus specific human and non human participants.
d. The use of reasoning expressed as verbs or noun.
e. The use of material.
f. The use of relation and mental process.
* Characteristic:
a. Use the simple present tense.
b. Using detailed noun phrases to provide information on the subject.
c. Uses relating verbs to provide information on the subject.
d. Use the thinking and feeling verbs to reveal personal views about the subject
author.
e. Use action verbs.
f. Use adverbials to provide additional information.
g. Use figurative language such as simile, metaphor.
* Grammatical features:
- Who? What?
- Using linking verb and simple present tense,
- Epithet: adjective or adjective phrase,
- Attributive (the)
- Use a attributive and identifying process,
- Focus an specific participants,
- Frequent use of epithets and classified in nominal groups
Example:
My Lovely Home
~ Identification:
My house is only five minutes walk from school.
~ Description:
It is not very big , but very cozy and quiet . This is a place where we can relax and find our own space . In our home, we really enjoy our relaxing from the pressure of school and work .
It has a nice and warm living room. There is a beautiful painting of scenery hanging on the wall. My father is a keen gardener. He puts some pots of indoor plants near the door . In a low cabinet, you will see the trophies, pictures of my family , small toys , and some books .
I am lucky to have a room to myself. I paint the wall olive red, it’s my favorite color . There is a desk, I do my homework there . I
also put a portable radio-tape there . The kitchen is my mother’s domain. My mother keeps it clean all Day. There is blue wall cabinet in it. It harmonies with the gray wall tiles.
However, only few will give my home a second glance. Still we are very proud of it , it may not be a perfect one but , all the same , it is home sweet home .
* Text structure:
- Identification: Identifies thing, person, place, phenomenon to be described.
- Description: Gives the information of particular thing, person, or
Place being discussed or describes parts, qualities, or
Characteristic.
* Language figures:
a. Topic is usually about the attributes of a think.
b. The use of think person pronoun forms is used.
c. The use of focus specific human and non human participants.
d. The use of reasoning expressed as verbs or noun.
e. The use of material.
f. The use of relation and mental process.
* Characteristic:
a. Use the simple present tense.
b. Using detailed noun phrases to provide information on the subject.
c. Uses relating verbs to provide information on the subject.
d. Use the thinking and feeling verbs to reveal personal views about the subject
author.
e. Use action verbs.
f. Use adverbials to provide additional information.
g. Use figurative language such as simile, metaphor.
* Grammatical features:
- Who? What?
- Using linking verb and simple present tense,
- Epithet: adjective or adjective phrase,
- Attributive (the)
- Use a attributive and identifying process,
- Focus an specific participants,
- Frequent use of epithets and classified in nominal groups
Example:
My Lovely Home
~ Identification:
My house is only five minutes walk from school.
~ Description:
It is not very big , but very cozy and quiet . This is a place where we can relax and find our own space . In our home, we really enjoy our relaxing from the pressure of school and work .
It has a nice and warm living room. There is a beautiful painting of scenery hanging on the wall. My father is a keen gardener. He puts some pots of indoor plants near the door . In a low cabinet, you will see the trophies, pictures of my family , small toys , and some books .
I am lucky to have a room to myself. I paint the wall olive red, it’s my favorite color . There is a desk, I do my homework there . I
also put a portable radio-tape there . The kitchen is my mother’s domain. My mother keeps it clean all Day. There is blue wall cabinet in it. It harmonies with the gray wall tiles.
However, only few will give my home a second glance. Still we are very proud of it , it may not be a perfect one but , all the same , it is home sweet home .
SIMPLE FUTURE TENSE
The simple future is used :
to talk about things that will happen at a time later than now.
Simple Future has two different forms in English: "will" and "be going to." Although the two forms can sometimes be used interchangeably, they often express two very different meanings. These different meanings might seem too abstract at first, but with time and practice, the differences will become clear. Both "will" and "be going to" refer to a specific time in the future.
FORM Will
[S + will + verb1]
Examples:
You will help him later.
Will you help him later?
You will not help him later.
FORM Be Going To
[S + to be (am/is/are) + going to + verb]
Examples:
You are going to meet Jane tonight.
Are you going to meet Jane tonight?
You are not going to meet Jane tonight.
USE 1 "Will" to Express a Voluntary Action
"Will" often suggests that a speaker will do something voluntarily. A voluntary action is one the speaker offers to do for someone else. Often, we use "will" to respond to someone else's complaint or request for help. We also use "will" when we request that someone help us or volunteer to do something for us. Similarly, we use "will not" or "won't" when we refuse to voluntarily do something.
Examples:
• I will send you the information when I get it.
• I will translate the email, so Mr. Smith can read it.
• Will you help me move this heavy table?
• Will you make dinner?
• I will not do your homework for you.
• I won't do all the housework myself!
• A: I'm really hungry.
B: I'll make some sandwiches.
• A: I'm so tired. I'm about to fall asleep.
B: I'll get you some coffee.
• A: The phone is ringing.
B: I'll get it.
USE 2 "Will" to Express a Promise
"Will" is usually used in promises.
Examples:
• I will call you when I arrive.
• If I am elected President of the United States, I will make sure everyone has access to inexpensive health insurance.
• I promise I will not tell him about the surprise party.
• Don't worry, I'll be careful.
• I won't tell anyone your secret.
USE 3 "Be going to" to Express a Plan
"Be going to" expresses that something is a plan. It expresses the idea that a person intends to do something in the future. It does not matter whether the plan is realistic or not.
Examples:
• He is going to spend his vacation in Hawaii.
• She is not going to spend her vacation in Hawaii.
• A: When are we going to meet each other tonight?
B: We are going to meet at 6 PM.
• I'm going to be an actor when I grow up.
• Michelle is going to begin medical school next year.
• They are going to drive all the way to Alaska.
• Who are you going to invite to the party?
• A: Who is going to make John's birthday cake?
B: Sue is going to make John's birthday cake.
USE 4 "Will" or "Be Going to" to Express a Prediction
Both "will" and "be going to" can express the idea of a general prediction about the future. Predictions are guesses about what might happen in the future. In "prediction" sentences, the subject usually has little control over the future and therefore USES 1-3 do not apply. In the following examples, there is no difference in meaning.
Examples:
• The year 2222 will be a very interesting year.
• The year 2222 is going to be a very interesting year.
• John Smith will be the next President.
• John Smith is going to be the next President.
• The movie "Zenith" will win several Academy Awards.
• The movie "Zenith" is going to win several Academy Awards.
IMPORTANT
In the Simple Future, it is not always clear which USE the speaker has in mind. Often, there is more than one way to interpret a sentence's meaning.
No Future in Time Clauses
Like all future forms, the Simple Future cannot be used in clauses beginning with time expressions such as: when, while, before, after, by the time, as soon as, if, unless, etc. Instead of Simple Future, Simple Present is used.
Examples:
• When you will arrive tonight, we will go out for dinner. Not Correct
• When you arrive tonight, we will go out for dinner. Correct
ADVERB PLACEMENT
The examples below show the placement for grammar adverbs such as: always, only, never, ever, still, just, etc.
Examples:
• You will never help him.
• Will you ever help him?
• You are never going to meet Jane.
• Are you ever going to meet Jane?
ACTIVE / PASSIVE
Examples:
• John will finish the work by 5:00 PM. Active
• The work will be finished by 5:00 PM. Passive
• Sally is going to make a beautiful dinner tonight. Active
• A beautiful dinner is going to be made by Sally tonight. Passive
• The Formula with verb sentence :
• Positive (+): S + will/shall + V1 + object
• Negative (-): S + will/shall + not + V1 + object
• Interrogative (?): Will/shall + S + V1 + object
• Example :
• owyendz will visit tokyo(+)
• Nissa will not visit India(-)
• Will shasya visit china? (?)
• The formula with nominal sentence :
• Positive (+): S + will/shall + be +complement
• Negative (-): S + will/shall + not + complement
• Interrogative (?): will/shall + S + complement
to talk about things that will happen at a time later than now.
Simple Future has two different forms in English: "will" and "be going to." Although the two forms can sometimes be used interchangeably, they often express two very different meanings. These different meanings might seem too abstract at first, but with time and practice, the differences will become clear. Both "will" and "be going to" refer to a specific time in the future.
FORM Will
[S + will + verb1]
Examples:
You will help him later.
Will you help him later?
You will not help him later.
FORM Be Going To
[S + to be (am/is/are) + going to + verb]
Examples:
You are going to meet Jane tonight.
Are you going to meet Jane tonight?
You are not going to meet Jane tonight.
USE 1 "Will" to Express a Voluntary Action
"Will" often suggests that a speaker will do something voluntarily. A voluntary action is one the speaker offers to do for someone else. Often, we use "will" to respond to someone else's complaint or request for help. We also use "will" when we request that someone help us or volunteer to do something for us. Similarly, we use "will not" or "won't" when we refuse to voluntarily do something.
Examples:
• I will send you the information when I get it.
• I will translate the email, so Mr. Smith can read it.
• Will you help me move this heavy table?
• Will you make dinner?
• I will not do your homework for you.
• I won't do all the housework myself!
• A: I'm really hungry.
B: I'll make some sandwiches.
• A: I'm so tired. I'm about to fall asleep.
B: I'll get you some coffee.
• A: The phone is ringing.
B: I'll get it.
USE 2 "Will" to Express a Promise
"Will" is usually used in promises.
Examples:
• I will call you when I arrive.
• If I am elected President of the United States, I will make sure everyone has access to inexpensive health insurance.
• I promise I will not tell him about the surprise party.
• Don't worry, I'll be careful.
• I won't tell anyone your secret.
USE 3 "Be going to" to Express a Plan
"Be going to" expresses that something is a plan. It expresses the idea that a person intends to do something in the future. It does not matter whether the plan is realistic or not.
Examples:
• He is going to spend his vacation in Hawaii.
• She is not going to spend her vacation in Hawaii.
• A: When are we going to meet each other tonight?
B: We are going to meet at 6 PM.
• I'm going to be an actor when I grow up.
• Michelle is going to begin medical school next year.
• They are going to drive all the way to Alaska.
• Who are you going to invite to the party?
• A: Who is going to make John's birthday cake?
B: Sue is going to make John's birthday cake.
USE 4 "Will" or "Be Going to" to Express a Prediction
Both "will" and "be going to" can express the idea of a general prediction about the future. Predictions are guesses about what might happen in the future. In "prediction" sentences, the subject usually has little control over the future and therefore USES 1-3 do not apply. In the following examples, there is no difference in meaning.
Examples:
• The year 2222 will be a very interesting year.
• The year 2222 is going to be a very interesting year.
• John Smith will be the next President.
• John Smith is going to be the next President.
• The movie "Zenith" will win several Academy Awards.
• The movie "Zenith" is going to win several Academy Awards.
IMPORTANT
In the Simple Future, it is not always clear which USE the speaker has in mind. Often, there is more than one way to interpret a sentence's meaning.
No Future in Time Clauses
Like all future forms, the Simple Future cannot be used in clauses beginning with time expressions such as: when, while, before, after, by the time, as soon as, if, unless, etc. Instead of Simple Future, Simple Present is used.
Examples:
• When you will arrive tonight, we will go out for dinner. Not Correct
• When you arrive tonight, we will go out for dinner. Correct
ADVERB PLACEMENT
The examples below show the placement for grammar adverbs such as: always, only, never, ever, still, just, etc.
Examples:
• You will never help him.
• Will you ever help him?
• You are never going to meet Jane.
• Are you ever going to meet Jane?
ACTIVE / PASSIVE
Examples:
• John will finish the work by 5:00 PM. Active
• The work will be finished by 5:00 PM. Passive
• Sally is going to make a beautiful dinner tonight. Active
• A beautiful dinner is going to be made by Sally tonight. Passive
• The Formula with verb sentence :
• Positive (+): S + will/shall + V1 + object
• Negative (-): S + will/shall + not + V1 + object
• Interrogative (?): Will/shall + S + V1 + object
• Example :
• owyendz will visit tokyo(+)
• Nissa will not visit India(-)
• Will shasya visit china? (?)
• The formula with nominal sentence :
• Positive (+): S + will/shall + be +complement
• Negative (-): S + will/shall + not + complement
• Interrogative (?): will/shall + S + complement
Passive voice
Passive voice is used when the focus is on the action. It is not important or not known, howover, who or what is performing the action.
Example : My bike was stolen
In the example above, the focus is on the fact that my bike was stolen, I do not know, however, who did it.
Sometimes a statement in a passive is more polite than active voice, as the following example shows :
Example : A mistake was made.
In the case, I focus on the fact that a mistake was made, but I do not blame anyone.
a).Form of passive
Subject + finite form of to be + past particple
( 3 rd column of irregular verbs )
Example : A letter was written
When rewriting active sentences in passive voice,not the following :
- The object of the active sentences becomes the
subject of the passive sentence.
- The finite form of the verbs in changed.
( to be + past participle )
- The subject of the active sentence becomes the
object of the passive sentence( or is dropped )
b).Passive Sentences with Two Objects
Rewriting an active sentence with two objects in passive voice means that one of the two object becomes the subject, the other one remains an object.
Which object to transform into a subject depends on what you want to put the focus on.
Subject Verb Object 1 Object 2
Active : Rita wrote a letter to me
Passive : A letter was written to me by Rita
Passive : I was written a letter by Rita
As you can see in the examples, adding by Rita does not sound very elegant. That’s why it is usually dropped.
c).Personal and Impersonal Passive
Personal passive simply means that the the object of the active sentence becomes the subject of the passive sentence. So every verb that needs an object
( transitive verb ) can form a personal passive.
Example : He says – it is said.
Impersonal passive is not is not as in some other langguages. In english, impersonal, passive is only possible with verbs of parception.
Example : They say that women live loner than men. It is said that women live longer than men.
The subject of the subordinate clause ( women ) goes to the beginning of the sentences : the verb of perception is put into passive voice.
The rest of the sentence is added using an infinitive construction with “ to “ ( certain auxiliary verbs and that are dropped )
Sometimes the term personal passive is used in English lesson if the indirect object of an active sentence is to become the subject of the passive sentence.
Example : My bike was stolen
In the example above, the focus is on the fact that my bike was stolen, I do not know, however, who did it.
Sometimes a statement in a passive is more polite than active voice, as the following example shows :
Example : A mistake was made.
In the case, I focus on the fact that a mistake was made, but I do not blame anyone.
a).Form of passive
Subject + finite form of to be + past particple
( 3 rd column of irregular verbs )
Example : A letter was written
When rewriting active sentences in passive voice,not the following :
- The object of the active sentences becomes the
subject of the passive sentence.
- The finite form of the verbs in changed.
( to be + past participle )
- The subject of the active sentence becomes the
object of the passive sentence( or is dropped )
b).Passive Sentences with Two Objects
Rewriting an active sentence with two objects in passive voice means that one of the two object becomes the subject, the other one remains an object.
Which object to transform into a subject depends on what you want to put the focus on.
Subject Verb Object 1 Object 2
Active : Rita wrote a letter to me
Passive : A letter was written to me by Rita
Passive : I was written a letter by Rita
As you can see in the examples, adding by Rita does not sound very elegant. That’s why it is usually dropped.
c).Personal and Impersonal Passive
Personal passive simply means that the the object of the active sentence becomes the subject of the passive sentence. So every verb that needs an object
( transitive verb ) can form a personal passive.
Example : He says – it is said.
Impersonal passive is not is not as in some other langguages. In english, impersonal, passive is only possible with verbs of parception.
Example : They say that women live loner than men. It is said that women live longer than men.
The subject of the subordinate clause ( women ) goes to the beginning of the sentences : the verb of perception is put into passive voice.
The rest of the sentence is added using an infinitive construction with “ to “ ( certain auxiliary verbs and that are dropped )
Sometimes the term personal passive is used in English lesson if the indirect object of an active sentence is to become the subject of the passive sentence.
Noun Pharases
Noun is word to point / signed at the thing.
For example : The tall, my brother,loneliness, etc.
Pharases is a group of words so, noun pharases is a group of words that to point / signed at the thing.
Noun pharases consist of a pronoun or noun with only associated noun pharases can act a subject, object, complement object of preposition, an object of verb.
The Function of noun pharases
a).Subject
ex : The children play on the forest.
b).Object
ex : My mother buys a basket of vegetables.
c).Complement
ex : Bogor is a rainy location.
The basic structure of noun pharases. Pharases consist minimally of a head this means, in one words, pharases like ( boy ), the head is “ boy “ in langer pharases a string of elemants my appean before the head.
Example : The naughty boy.
For example : The tall, my brother,loneliness, etc.
Pharases is a group of words so, noun pharases is a group of words that to point / signed at the thing.
Noun pharases consist of a pronoun or noun with only associated noun pharases can act a subject, object, complement object of preposition, an object of verb.
The Function of noun pharases
a).Subject
ex : The children play on the forest.
b).Object
ex : My mother buys a basket of vegetables.
c).Complement
ex : Bogor is a rainy location.
The basic structure of noun pharases. Pharases consist minimally of a head this means, in one words, pharases like ( boy ), the head is “ boy “ in langer pharases a string of elemants my appean before the head.
Example : The naughty boy.
MODALS IN THE PAST FORM
Modals in the past form : kata bantu pengandaian
dalam bentuk lampau.
Modals in the past are :
- Could - Would - Should - Shall
a).Could + verb base
We can use this expression : to offer seggestion or possibilities.
Ex : Shasa : I’m having trouble with math
Feby : Why don’t you ask puteri ?
Perhaps she could help you
b).Might + verb base
Use might to tell possibilities.
Ex : Vitha : Why is Rio taking the bus to get home
Dira : He might get a flat time.
c).Would + verb base
Use would for an action that was repeated regulary in the past.
Ex : Dani : What did you usually do in holidays ?
Isa : I would visit my grandparent in the
village, but how not anymore.
d).Would + mind + V- ing
Use would to express polite request.
Ex : Mr. Tarno : Would you mind posting the
letter
Vania : No, not at all
e).Should + verb base
Ex :
Niko : Anto, you should go to libary now !!!!
anto : O.k
dalam bentuk lampau.
Modals in the past are :
- Could - Would - Should - Shall
a).Could + verb base
We can use this expression : to offer seggestion or possibilities.
Ex : Shasa : I’m having trouble with math
Feby : Why don’t you ask puteri ?
Perhaps she could help you
b).Might + verb base
Use might to tell possibilities.
Ex : Vitha : Why is Rio taking the bus to get home
Dira : He might get a flat time.
c).Would + verb base
Use would for an action that was repeated regulary in the past.
Ex : Dani : What did you usually do in holidays ?
Isa : I would visit my grandparent in the
village, but how not anymore.
d).Would + mind + V- ing
Use would to express polite request.
Ex : Mr. Tarno : Would you mind posting the
letter
Vania : No, not at all
e).Should + verb base
Ex :
Niko : Anto, you should go to libary now !!!!
anto : O.k
FINITE VERBS
Finite verbs is verb that is inflected for person and for tense according to the rules and categories of the language in which it occurs. Finite verbs can form independent clauses, which can stand by their own as complete
sentence. Finite verb can form “independent clause“ which can stand by their own as completes sentences .
Every grammatically correct sentence or clause must contain a finite verb; Sentence fragments not containing finite verb are described as phrases. Some interjection can play the same role. Evan in English, a sentence like thanks for you help? Has a interjection where it could have a subject and finite verb form (compare I appreciate your help?)
# In English, only verb in certain mood are finite these include :
1. The indicative mood: (Expressing a state of affairs : e.g. “ the bull dozer
demolished the restaurant , “ “ The leaves were yellow and stiff ). “
2. The imperative mood (giving a command).
3. The subjective mood: (Expressing something that might or might not be the state
of affairs, depending on some other part of the sentence) : Nearly extinct in
English.
A verb is a word that expresses an occurrence, act, or made of being. Finite verb, sometimes called main verbs , are limited by time ( see tense ), person, and number.
A non finite verb from – such as a participle, infinitive, or gerund – is not limited by time (see tense ), person, and number .
# Verbs forms that are not finite include:
- The infinitive,
- Participles ( e.g. …” the broken window , “ ) “ the wheezing gentlemen ),
- Gerunds and gerundive.
sentence. Finite verb can form “independent clause“ which can stand by their own as completes sentences .
Every grammatically correct sentence or clause must contain a finite verb; Sentence fragments not containing finite verb are described as phrases. Some interjection can play the same role. Evan in English, a sentence like thanks for you help? Has a interjection where it could have a subject and finite verb form (compare I appreciate your help?)
# In English, only verb in certain mood are finite these include :
1. The indicative mood: (Expressing a state of affairs : e.g. “ the bull dozer
demolished the restaurant , “ “ The leaves were yellow and stiff ). “
2. The imperative mood (giving a command).
3. The subjective mood: (Expressing something that might or might not be the state
of affairs, depending on some other part of the sentence) : Nearly extinct in
English.
A verb is a word that expresses an occurrence, act, or made of being. Finite verb, sometimes called main verbs , are limited by time ( see tense ), person, and number.
A non finite verb from – such as a participle, infinitive, or gerund – is not limited by time (see tense ), person, and number .
# Verbs forms that are not finite include:
- The infinitive,
- Participles ( e.g. …” the broken window , “ ) “ the wheezing gentlemen ),
- Gerunds and gerundive.
ASKING FOR INFORMATION
There are a number of formulas used when asking for information in English. Here are some of the most common:
* Could you tell me...?
* Do you know...?
* Do you happen to know...?
* I'd like to know...
* Could you find out...?
* I'm interested in...
* I'm looking for..
These two forms are used for asking for information on the telephone:
* I'm calling to find out...
* I'm calling about...
* Could you tell me...?
* Do you know...?
* Do you happen to know...?
* I'd like to know...
* Could you find out...?
* I'm interested in...
* I'm looking for..
These two forms are used for asking for information on the telephone:
* I'm calling to find out...
* I'm calling about...
Preposition "in, on, and at"
Prepositions of Time: at, in, on
We use:
* at for a PRECISE TIME
* in for MONTHS, YEARS, CENTURIES and LONG PERIODS
* on for DAYS and DATES
at
in
on
PRECISE TIME
MONTHS, YEARS, CENTURIES and LONG PERIODS
DAYS and DATES
at 3 o'clock
in May
on Sunday
at 10.30am
in summer
on Tuesdays
at noon
in the summer
on 6 March
at dinnertime
in 1990
on 25 Dec. 2010
at bedtime
in the 1990s
on Christmas Day
at sunrise
in the next century
on Independence Day
at sunset
in the Ice Age
on my birthday
at the moment
in the past/future
on New Year's Eve
Look at these examples:
* I have a meeting at 9am.
* The shop closes at midnight.
* Jane went home at lunchtime.
* In England, it often snows in December.
* Do you think we will go to Jupiter in the future?
* There should be a lot of progress in the next century.
* Do you work on Mondays?
* Her birthday is on 20 November.
* Where will you be on New Year's Day?
Notice the use of the preposition of time at in the following standard expressions:
Expression
Example
at night
The stars shine at night.
at the weekend
I don't usually work at the weekend.
at Christmas/Easter
I stay with my family at Christmas.
at the same time
We finished the test at the same time.
at present
He's not home at present. Try later.
Notice the use of the prepositions of time in and on in these common expressions:
in
on
in the morning
on Tuesday morning
in the mornings
on Saturday mornings
in the afternoon(s)
on Sunday afternoons
in the evening(s)
on Monday evening
When we say last, next, every, this we do not also use at, in, on.
* I went to London last June. (not in last June)
* He's coming back next Tuesday. (not on next Tuesday)
* I go home every Easter. (not at every Easter)
* We'll call you this evening. (not in this evening)
We use:
* at for a PRECISE TIME
* in for MONTHS, YEARS, CENTURIES and LONG PERIODS
* on for DAYS and DATES
at
in
on
PRECISE TIME
MONTHS, YEARS, CENTURIES and LONG PERIODS
DAYS and DATES
at 3 o'clock
in May
on Sunday
at 10.30am
in summer
on Tuesdays
at noon
in the summer
on 6 March
at dinnertime
in 1990
on 25 Dec. 2010
at bedtime
in the 1990s
on Christmas Day
at sunrise
in the next century
on Independence Day
at sunset
in the Ice Age
on my birthday
at the moment
in the past/future
on New Year's Eve
Look at these examples:
* I have a meeting at 9am.
* The shop closes at midnight.
* Jane went home at lunchtime.
* In England, it often snows in December.
* Do you think we will go to Jupiter in the future?
* There should be a lot of progress in the next century.
* Do you work on Mondays?
* Her birthday is on 20 November.
* Where will you be on New Year's Day?
Notice the use of the preposition of time at in the following standard expressions:
Expression
Example
at night
The stars shine at night.
at the weekend
I don't usually work at the weekend.
at Christmas/Easter
I stay with my family at Christmas.
at the same time
We finished the test at the same time.
at present
He's not home at present. Try later.
Notice the use of the prepositions of time in and on in these common expressions:
in
on
in the morning
on Tuesday morning
in the mornings
on Saturday mornings
in the afternoon(s)
on Sunday afternoons
in the evening(s)
on Monday evening
When we say last, next, every, this we do not also use at, in, on.
* I went to London last June. (not in last June)
* He's coming back next Tuesday. (not on next Tuesday)
* I go home every Easter. (not at every Easter)
* We'll call you this evening. (not in this evening)
Offering
The expression of “ Would you like....”is normally used for offering something to someone.
chiela : Would you like a cup of tea, Mr, Owyedz?
Mrs. zhezhe : Yes, please. Thank you. Hmmm...this tea tastes good....and smells fragrant too.......
chiela : thank you. I’m glad you like it.
Ways to say it
* Would you like a cup of coffee, Mr Green?
* Should I get you a bottle of water?
* Could I offer you a glass of milk, Mr. kiki?
* Would you care some salad?
Ofering to friends:
* Want some?
* Have some?
* Chocolate?
* Grab some for yourself
Less formal expressions:
* Would you like to have a pancake?
* Why don't you have some lemonade?
* What can I get for you?
* What will you have?
Declining an offering
* No, thanks.
* No, really won't, thanks
* Not for me, thanks.
Accepting an offering:
* Thank you.
* Yes, please
* I'd like it very much
* That would be very nice
chiela : Would you like a cup of tea, Mr, Owyedz?
Mrs. zhezhe : Yes, please. Thank you. Hmmm...this tea tastes good....and smells fragrant too.......
chiela : thank you. I’m glad you like it.
Ways to say it
* Would you like a cup of coffee, Mr Green?
* Should I get you a bottle of water?
* Could I offer you a glass of milk, Mr. kiki?
* Would you care some salad?
Ofering to friends:
* Want some?
* Have some?
* Chocolate?
* Grab some for yourself
Less formal expressions:
* Would you like to have a pancake?
* Why don't you have some lemonade?
* What can I get for you?
* What will you have?
Declining an offering
* No, thanks.
* No, really won't, thanks
* Not for me, thanks.
Accepting an offering:
* Thank you.
* Yes, please
* I'd like it very much
* That would be very nice
Direct Indirect Speech
Direct speech
Direct speech refers to reproducing another person's exact words or saying exactly what someone has said (sometimes called quoted speech)
This an example of direct speech :
-) She said, "Today's lesson is on presentations"
-) "Today's lesson is on presentations," she said
Indirect speech
Indirect speech, doesn’t use quotation marks to enclose what the person said and it doesn’t have to be word for word.
Example :
“I’m going to the cinema”, he said he was going to the cinema.
Tense change
• When reporting speech the tense usually changes. Because when we use reported speech, we are usually talking about time in the past. Note : the reporting verbs that are usually used to report imperative sentence are : Tell, other command, ask, warn, remind.
• When report what someone said, don’t usually repeat their exact words, use our words, we can use reporting word such as tell say as follow by “that clause”
Example :
my brother said that go to hospital
In time expression and pronouns :
Direct Speech Indirect Speech
Now
Today/ Tonight
Yesterday
Tomorrow
Last Week
Next Week
Ago Then
That day/ That night
That day before/ The previous day
The next/ Following day
The previous week
The following week/ The week after
Before
This/ These
Here
Pronouns That/ Those
There
They changes according to the context
Modal verb forms also sometimes change :
Direct Speech → Indirect speech
Will → Would
Can → Could
Must → Had to
Shall → Should
May → Might
Note : There is no change to ;could, would, should, might and had to
Example
Direct Speech Indirect Speech
“I might go to the cinema”, he said He said he might go to the cinema
Direct speech refers to reproducing another person's exact words or saying exactly what someone has said (sometimes called quoted speech)
This an example of direct speech :
-) She said, "Today's lesson is on presentations"
-) "Today's lesson is on presentations," she said
Indirect speech
Indirect speech, doesn’t use quotation marks to enclose what the person said and it doesn’t have to be word for word.
Example :
“I’m going to the cinema”, he said he was going to the cinema.
Tense change
• When reporting speech the tense usually changes. Because when we use reported speech, we are usually talking about time in the past. Note : the reporting verbs that are usually used to report imperative sentence are : Tell, other command, ask, warn, remind.
• When report what someone said, don’t usually repeat their exact words, use our words, we can use reporting word such as tell say as follow by “that clause”
Example :
my brother said that go to hospital
In time expression and pronouns :
Direct Speech Indirect Speech
Now
Today/ Tonight
Yesterday
Tomorrow
Last Week
Next Week
Ago Then
That day/ That night
That day before/ The previous day
The next/ Following day
The previous week
The following week/ The week after
Before
This/ These
Here
Pronouns That/ Those
There
They changes according to the context
Modal verb forms also sometimes change :
Direct Speech → Indirect speech
Will → Would
Can → Could
Must → Had to
Shall → Should
May → Might
Note : There is no change to ;could, would, should, might and had to
Example
Direct Speech Indirect Speech
“I might go to the cinema”, he said He said he might go to the cinema
News Item
News Item
• News Item text is a factual text which inform the reader or daily newspaper about events of the day which are regarded as newsworthy or important.
Purpose text of News Item :
To inform the reader or listener. Clear objectives News Item is to inform the news to the readers or listeners . Purpose you read the news or not to obtain information from sources that clearly.
The generic structure of news item :
Correspondence
Newsworthy events :
Recounts the event in summary form
Background events :
Elaborate what happened, to whom, in what circumstances.
Linguistic features :
Action Verbs.
Verbal Verbs.
Mental Verbs.
Temporal Circumstances.
Spatial Circumstances.
Specific Participants.
Structure of the text consist of three parts :
Core write news or events that are considered important
Write the background or the cause of the event
Write a news source, usually contains about quotes from the usual resource witness, or senior official associated with the event.
To distinguish the type of news item text and other text that is easy for news item has a unique feature that is preceded by a city or place. Another characteristic that is the excerpt from the resource persons.
• News Item text is a factual text which inform the reader or daily newspaper about events of the day which are regarded as newsworthy or important.
Purpose text of News Item :
To inform the reader or listener. Clear objectives News Item is to inform the news to the readers or listeners . Purpose you read the news or not to obtain information from sources that clearly.
The generic structure of news item :
Correspondence
Newsworthy events :
Recounts the event in summary form
Background events :
Elaborate what happened, to whom, in what circumstances.
Linguistic features :
Action Verbs.
Verbal Verbs.
Mental Verbs.
Temporal Circumstances.
Spatial Circumstances.
Specific Participants.
Structure of the text consist of three parts :
Core write news or events that are considered important
Write the background or the cause of the event
Write a news source, usually contains about quotes from the usual resource witness, or senior official associated with the event.
To distinguish the type of news item text and other text that is easy for news item has a unique feature that is preceded by a city or place. Another characteristic that is the excerpt from the resource persons.
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